What is diabetes mellitus? Diabetes mellitus is when there’s too much glucose, a type of sugar, in the blood. Diabetes mellitus can be split into type 1, type 2, as well as a couple other subtypes, including gestational diabetes and drug-induced diabetes. Find our full video library only on Osmosis: http://osms.it/more.
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Type 1 diabetes is a genetic, auto-immune disorder. You can not “catch” diabetes from anyone. Lol. 😛 Video Rating: / 5
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Animation Description: Under normal circumstances, bacterial infection results in the release of chemokines that attract circulating neutrophils to the endothelium. This process is known as chemotaxis.
A variety of molecules are expressed on the endothelial cell surface that allow the neutrophil to be captured, then roll along the endothelium, then adhere.
Following adherence, the neutrophil migrates into the subendothelial tissue to reach the site of infection.
The neutrophil engulfs the bacteria and eliminates them via breakdown within the phagosomes — a process known as phagocytosis.
In states of hyperglycemia, chemotaxis is reduced. Adherence is also adversely affected.
Phagocytosis is also impaired by hyperglycemia.
Hyperglycemia also adversely affects the macrophage system. Under normal circumstances, circulating monocytes are attracted to sites of infection, roll, adhere, and then migrate into the subendothelial space. The monocyte then transforms into a macrophage.
which is then activated by cytokines released by the bacteria. The activated macrophage then engulfs the bacteria.
However, hyperglycemia results in decreased activation of macrophages, thereby arresting the process of macrophage phagocytosis of bacteria.
In addition to affecting neutrophil and macrophage function, hyperglycemia also affects the complement cascade. Under situations of normal glycemia, bacteria can activate the complement cascade.
Activation of the complement cascade results in the formation of transmembrane protein channels known as membrane attack complex (MAC) in bacterial membrane.
Membrane attack complexes make the bacterial membrane porous and the rapid influx of fluid results in the bacterial cell death.
Hyperglycemia inhibits the proper activation of the complement cascade, thereby reducing another pathway of the immune system.
To learn more visit: http://www.AnimatedDiabetesPatient.com
Presently in medicine, diabetes is not a curable disease. In type 1 diabetes, patients need lifelong insulin treatment to keep their blood sugars in normal range to avoid complications. In type 2 diabetes, studies suggest that in the very early stages of the disease it can be reversed with a strict calorie diet. But once type 2 diabetes is well established, it cannot be completely cured. Type 2 diabetes patients need to keep their blood sugars in normal range by maintaining a balanced diet, exercising regularly, and taking their medications on a regular basis to avoid long-term complications.
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This store is NOT FOR PROFIT. All orders benefit Diabetes charities and good causes. Video Rating: / 5
Sources:
Consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages, artificially sweetened beverages, and fruit juice and incidence of type 2 diabetes: systematic review, meta-analysis, and estimation of population attributable fraction
https://www.bmj.com/content/351/bmj.h3576
Sugar-Sweetened Beverages and Risk of Metabolic Syndrome and Type 2 Diabetes
https://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/33/11/2477
A Prospective Study of Sugar Intake and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in Women
https://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/diacare/26/4/1008.full.pdf
Reiser, S., et al., Isocaloric exchange of dietary starch and sucrose in humans. II. Effect on fasting blood insulin, glucose, and glucagon and on insulin and glucose response to a sucrose load. Am J Clin Nutr, 1979. 32(11): p. 2206-16.
Hallfrisch, J., et al., Effects of dietary fructose on plasma glucose and hormone responses in normal and hyperinsulinemic men. J Nutr, 1983. 113(9): p. 1819-26.
Reiser, S., et al., Serum insulin and glucose in hyperinsulinemic subjects fed three different levels of sucrose. Am J Clin Nutr, 1981. 34(11): p. 2348-58.
Schwarz, J.M., et al., Effect of a High-Fructose Weight-Maintaining Diet on Lipogenesis and Liver Fat. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2015. 100(6): p. 2434-42.
Aeberli I, Hochuli M, Gerber PA, Sze L, Murer SB, Tappy L, Spinas GA, Berneis K. Moderate amounts of fructose consumption impair insulin sensitivity in healthy young men: a randomized controlled trial. Diabetes Care. 2013 Jan;36(1):150-6.
Stanhope KL, Schwarz JM, Keim NL, Griffen SC, Bremer AA, Graham JL, Hatcher B, Cox CL, Dyachenko A, Zhang W, McGahan JP, Seibert A, Krauss RM, Chiu S, Schaefer EJ, Ai M, Otokozawa S, Nakajima K, Nakano T, Beysen C, Hellerstein MK, Berglund L, Havel PJ. Consuming fructose-sweetened, not glucose-sweetened, beverages increases visceral adiposity and lipids and decreases insulin sensitivity in overweight/obese humans. J Clin Invest. 2009 May;119(5):1322-34.
Does sugar cause diabetes? To avoid high blood sugar it’s common among people with diabetes to fret about sugary foods and fruits altogether. The sugar situation is understandably confusing to people because “sugar” is used as a blanket term. But it’s time to refresh the mind with some previous knowledge. There are different types of sugar with different biological effects in the body.
So the correct questions to ask are: What type of sugar causes diabetes? And which sugars reverse insulin resistance? Because in the world of diabetes, sugar type matters more than the amount.
Here’s what Dr. Michelle McMacken talks about to help clear the confusion:
– The sugar in your blood and the sugar in your food
– The sugar that increases the risk of developing type 2 diabetes
– Added sugars vs natural sugars
– Is fructose bad for you? What happens when you take in pure fructose?
Dr. Michelle McMacken is a board-certified internal medicine physician and an assistant professor of medicine at the NYU School of Medicine. She’s an honors graduate of Yale University and Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons. She has more than 10 years of experience practicing primary care, directing a medical weight loss program, and teaching doctors in training at Bellevue Hospital Center in New York City. Dr. McMacken has written articles for Forks Over Knives, including one called Seven Things that Happen to You When You Stop Eating Meat that has been shared more than 250,000 times.
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Type 1 Diabetes Signs & Symptoms | Diabetic Ketoacidosis, Complications & Why They Occur
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune condition involving destruction of pancreatic beta cells, which leads to compromised or completely absent production of insulin. The lack of insulin leads to very high levels of glucose and other metabolic changes, which causes many different signs and symptoms.
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Cristina Mutchler reports on how type 2 diabetes often goes undiagnosed because many of its symptoms can seem harmless. More from CNN at http://www.cnn.com/ Video Rating: / 5
The DRI’s Dr. Allison Bayer explains adoptive Treg cell therapy and her team’s efforts to help boost these key immune cells and rebalance the immune system. Her current findings have shown that Tregs may prevent transplant rejection and well as reverse autoimmunity.
Dr. Bayer’s research focuses on understanding the basic immunobiology of regulatory T cells and applying that knowledge for future clinical applications. She hopes that her work will lead to the design of novel therapies for a non-toxic approach for the treatment of type 1 diabetes patients. Video Rating: / 5
In this episode, Alice Long and colleagues demonstrate a link between disease outcome in type 1 diabetes and the phenotype and function of autoreactive CD8+ T cells.