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https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/

Coronavirus outbreak in the U.S.
COVID-19
Coronavirus cases
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For the first time in 10 weeks, COVID-19 hospital admissions are increasing in 14 states. Experts believe the new surge is due to the unvaccinated and waning immunity from the vaccine.

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#WorldNewsTonight #COVID-19 #Vaccine #CasesSurge #Unvaccinated #HospitalAdmissions

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Blood Agar Media

Blood agar is an enriched media , which capable of growing a range of microorganisms of clinical significance.
Fastidious organisms, such as streptococci, do not grow well on ordinary growth media.
BUT Blood agar is a type of growth medium that encourages the growth of bacteria, such as streptococci, that otherwise wouldn’t grow.
……………………………………………
Also Blood contains inhibitors , for certain bacteria such as Neisseria and Haemophilus genera and the blood agar must be heated to inactivate these inhibitors and to release essential growth factors such as x factor & V factor .
But When Heating of blood agar converts it into chocolate agar and supports the growth of these bacteria.

Blood agar can be made selective for certain pathogens , by the addition of antibiotics, chemicals or dyes. Examples includes crystal violet blood agar to select Streptococcus pyogens from throat swabs, and kanamycin or neomycin blood agar , to select anaerobes from pus.

Composition Of Blood Agar

Blood agar media consist of ,
Pancreatic digest of casein
Papaic digest of soy meal
0.5% NaCl
Agar
Distilled water &
5% Sheep Blood

Combine of the ingredients and final pH should be 7.3
…………………………………………..
Uses Of Blood Agar Media

There 3 main uses of Blood agar , they are
Isolation organisms
Identification &
Detect antimicrobial susceptibility.

After spreading specimen on blood agar media , can be examine isolated pathogen organisms colonies on blood agar media. So blood agar really important to Isolate medically significant organisms.
Also blood agar media gives good colony appearance , hemolysis patterns such as Alpha , Beta & gama & pigment production.

Quality control of Blood Agar

Using Quality control of blood agar , we can identify whether our media in good quality or not , If not we have to discard all media

There several method to Quality control Blood agar ,
The pH of the blood agar range should from 7.2 to 7.6 at room temperature.
Incubate the plates in a carbon dioxide enriched atmosphere at 35-37°C overnight & check there any contamination present or not
Check the growth of positive control organisms & see colony , morphology ,
In this case these positive control organisms must grow on blood agar media & gives identical colony morphology , So
Staphylococcus aureus – should give good growth with white coloured colonies
Streptococcus pyogenes – should give good growth with pale colonies and beta haemolysis
And Streptococcus pneumonia – should give good growth with gray coloured colonies & alpha hemolysis

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Have you noticed that your urine is emitting an unpleasant odor? There are multiple factors that make your urine’s scent a bit off, or stronger than usual. Most factors are harmless, but a few signal that there might be a deeper, more serious issue. Here are 9 causes of smelly urine that you should be on the lookout for, and what you can do to fix it.

#SmellyUrine #UrineOdor #UTI #STI

Discover more regarding the topic of smelly urine, here: https://www.health.com/condition/digestive-health/smelly-urine-causes

0:00 Introduction
0:31 Dehydration is the #1 cause of urine odor
1:05 Foods that cause funky urine smell
3:02 How drinking coffee leads to smelly urine
3:37 Urinary Tract Infections
4:04 Yeast Infections
4:52 How an STI can cause Urethritis
5:37 Symptoms of Kidney Stones
6:23 How Diabetes leads to smelly urine
6:50 Vitamins can change your urine smell

Health Deep Dives is our new series featuring in-depth reporting and expert interviews on issues at the top of your mind. From the dangers of popular diets to whether it’s safe to sweat it out at the gym during a pandemic, we break down the answers to your deepest questions.

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9 Causes of Smelly Urine | How to Fix Urine Odor | Deep Dives
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Long lines forming once again at Arizona COVID-19 testing sites
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Arizona may be at a critical point when it comes to understanding how the omicron variant of COVID-19 will impact the state’s hospitals.

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We started getting visitors… from every universe. Watch the official trailer for #SpiderManNoWayHome, exclusively in movie theaters December 17 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m0WaVgx6T7Q
Relive the best fights of Isaiah Bone (Michael Jai White) in Blood And Bone.

00:00 – Opening Fight
02:19 – Two At A Time Fight
04:26 – Bone Vs. Hammerman
05:37 – Bone Vs. Price
08:06 – James’ Hand Is Cut Off

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Blood And Bone: Ex-con Isaiah Bone (Michael Jai White, Spawn, upcoming Black Dynamite) is the new force in LA’s underground street fighting scene. When he takes down the reigning champ, the local mob boss wants to enter Bone in a series of high-stakes international matches. Bone’s refusal sets off an explosive showdown between two powerful enemies with everything at stake. Also starring Julian Sands (Ocean’s Thirteen, “24”), Eamonn Walker (Cadillac Records, “Oz”), Ron Yuan (Fast & Furious, “Prison Break”) plus some of the fiercest mixed martial arts superstars including Kevin “Kimbo Slice” Ferguson, Bob “The Beast” Sapp, Tanoai Reed, Gina Carano and Ernest “The Cat” Miller.

#PieceOfTheAction #FightScenes #BloodAndBone

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Blood And Bone Best Fights | Blood And Bone
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“MICHAEL JAI WHITE SHOWS THESE OTHER PRISON INMATES HOW FAST THEY CAN BE DEALT WITH”
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The number of West Australians with COVID-19 has more than doubled since yesterday and almost all cases are the result of community spread.
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WA reported 643 local cases of corona virus and two travel related cases. The surge has pushed the number of active cases in the State to 1787.

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Bidyadanga, south of Broome, is in lockdown after an outbreak of positive COVID-19 cases.

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(USMLE topics) Structure, functions of the BBB. Physical, transport and metabolic barriers. Non-barrier areas. Strategies to overcome the barrier, to deliver therapeutic drugs into the brain. This video is available for instant download licensing here : https://www.alilamedicalmedia.com/-/galleries/narrated-videos-by-topics/basic-neurobiology/-/medias/d278c4e0-c462-4a43-991c-ff769ed3cf6d-blood-brain-barrier-narrated-animation
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Voice by: Ashley Fleming
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All images/videos by Alila Medical Media are for information purposes ONLY and are NOT intended to replace professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified healthcare provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition.
The blood-brain barrier refers to the highly selective permeability of blood vessels within the central nervous system. The barrier controls substances that can enter or leave the nervous tissue. It helps maintain the stable state, or homeostasis, of brain tissue, amid the fluctuations of circulating substances in the blood, many of which can act as neurotransmitters and could create chaos in neuronal activities if allowed to diffuse freely into the brain. The barrier also protects the brain from blood-borne pathogens and toxins.
The blood-brain barrier is composed of several cell types, including:
– Endothelial cells that form the wall of blood vessels;
– Mural cells, namely pericytes, partially covering the outside of endothelial cells;
– And glial cells astrocytes, whose extended processes, called end-feet, wrap around the vessels.
The endothelial cells alone can fulfill the functions of the blood-brain barrier, but their interactions with the adjacent cells seem to be required for its formation, maintenance and regulation.
The brain endothelial cells, unlike their counterparts in other tissues, possess unique properties that allow them to tightly control the passage of substances between the blood and brain. These properties can be classified into physical, transport, and metabolic categories:
– The brain endothelial cells are held together by tight junctions, which serve as physical barriers, preventing movements of substances through the space between cells.
– They have very low rates of vesicle-mediated transcellular transport.
– They control the movement of ions and substances with specific transporters, of which there are two major types: efflux transporters and nutrient transporters:
+ Efflux transporters use cellular energy to move substances against their concentration gradient. These transporters are usually located on the blood side of endothelial cells. They transport lipophilic molecules, which have passively diffused through the cell membrane, back to the blood.
+ Nutrient transporters, on the other hand, facilitate the movement of nutrients, such as glucose and essential amino acids, into the brain, down their concentration gradient.
– The brain endothelial cells also contains a number of enzymes that metabolize, and thus inactivate, certain neurotransmitters, drugs and toxins, preventing them from entering the brain.
An intact blood-brain barrier is critical for normal brain functions. Neurological diseases such as encephalitis, multiple sclerosis, brain traumas, Alzheimer’s disease, epilepsy, strokes and tumors, can breach the barrier, and this, in turn, contributes to disease pathology and further progression.
But not all areas of the brain have the blood-brain barrier. Some brain structures are involved in hormonal control and require better access to systemic blood, so they can detect changes in circulating signals and respond accordingly. These non-barrier areas are located around the midline of the ventricular system, and are known as circumventricular organs. Some of their bordering regions have a leaky barrier.
The blood-brain barrier also has its downside. While it protects the brain from unwanted drugs and toxins, it also prevents therapeutic drugs from entering the central nervous system to treat diseases. Several strategies are developed to overcome this obstacle.
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Support my channel by getting a free trial today, at http://www.squarespace.com/nilered. You’ll also get 10% off your first purchase.
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This video is a special one and I made it specifically for World Diabetes Day, which happens every year on November 14.

Diabetes was originally diagnosed by tasting the urine of patients. In diabetics, the blood-sugar level is often extremely high and some of it spills over into the urine. So, if the urine tasted sweet, the person was likely diabetic.

This was the main way to test for diabetes for a long time, until there was a breakthrough in 1841 by Karl Trommer. From there, the technology was continually improved and today we have blood glucose meters.

I think that this technological journey is extremely interesting, and I hope that you guys agree with me after watching the video.

What I also think is cool, is that many of the breakthroughs along the way are still useful today for other applications. The Fehling’s and Benedict solutions are still routinely used in analytical chemistry, and the test strips are also useful.

Nile talks about lab safety: https://youtu.be/ftACSEJ6DZA

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Since urine formation occurs as the kidney filters the blood, the color of your urine is a great indicator of your body’s internal health system. In this episode of Deep Dives, we discuss why urine is yellow, what color urine is good, and some causes for dark urine color. If you are experiencing an abnormal urine color, or you’re simply curious about the possible state of your kidney and urinary tract health, tune in for this urinary tract system breakdown.

#UrineColor #UrinaryTract #DarkUrine #KidneyHealth

Learn more about urinary tract health, here: https://www.health.com/condition/digestive-health/urine-color

Health Deep Dives features in-depth reporting and expert interviews on issues at the top of your mind. From the dangers of popular diets to whether it’s safe to sweat it out at the gym during a pandemic, we break down the answers to your deepest questions.

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What Your Urine Color Says About Your Health | Urinary System Breakdown | Deep Dives

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Blood typing made easy with explanation on ABO blood groups and Rh factor for nurses (blood transfusions).

There are 8 total blood types from four blood groups (A, B, AB, O). In nursing we transfuse blood, but before we do this we have to collect blood from the patient who will be receiving the blood transfusion. The patient’s blood will be typed and crossmatched with a donor. The donor’s blood must be compatible with our patient to prevent a transfusion reaction.

To understand blood typing, you have to understand the relationship between antigens and antibodies.

What are red blood cell antigens? They are either present or absent on the surface of RBC. All red blood cells have them EXCEPT Type O RBCs. Antigens are proteins that can elicit an immune response when they come into contact with its corresponding antibodies. Therefore, they stimulate antibodies to defend the body.

So, when the same red blood cell antigens and antibodies get together it will cause an IMMUNE RESPONSE called agglutination. This is where the RBCs will glue together, hence clump together. Therefore, it is VERY important a person is not transfused with the wrong blood type.

Blood Types: Recipient and Donor

A blood type: has only A antigens on its surface with B antibodies in the plasma.

Type A: donates to A and AB and recipient of O and A

B blood type: has only B antigens on its surface with A antibodies in the plasma.

Type B: donates to B and AB and recipient of O and B

AB blood type: has both A and B antigens on its surface with NO antibodies in it plasma.

Type AB: donates to only other ABs but recipient of O, A, B, and AB…known as the “UNIVERSAL RECIPIENT”

O blood type: has NO antigens on its surface with A and B antibodies in its plasma.

Type O: donates to all types but only recipient of other O….known as the “UNIVERSAL DONOR”.

Rh factors: either present or absent on the red blood cells surface.

If these factors are present on the RBC the patient is Rh POSTIVIE, but if these factors are absent the patient is Rh NEGATIVE.

If a patient is Rh positive they can receive either Rh+ or RH- blood. While Rh negative patients can receive only Rh- blood.

Quiz Blood Typing: https://www.registerednursern.com/blood-types-nclex-quiz/

Notes: https://www.registerednursern.com/blood-types-nursing-nclex-review/

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Dig into the science of coronaviruses and find out how they cause diseases such as SARS, MERS, and COVID-19.

—

For almost a decade, scientists chased the source of a deadly new virus through China’s tallest mountains and most isolated caverns. They finally found it in the bats of Shitou Cave. The virus in question was a coronavirus that caused an epidemic of severe acute respiratory syndrome, or SARS, in 2003. So what exactly is a coronavirus, and how does it spread? Elizabeth Cox explains.

Lesson by Elizabeth Cox, directed by Anton Bogaty.

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#covid-19 #coronavirus #omicron

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